INITIALIZATION Knowledgebase: ki-dev-large Base Query: In dem Dokument werden die verschiedenen Arten von Rezeptoren in der Haut besprochen, die eine Rolle in unserem Tastsinn spielen. Bitte beschreiben Sie ausführlich die verschiedenen Arten von kutanen Rezeptoren, die erwähnt werden, einschließlich ihrer spezifischen Funktionen und der sensorischen Informationen, die sie übertragen. Stellen Sie sicher, dass Sie erklären, wie diese Rezeptoren zur Wahrnehmung von Druck, Temperatur, Textur und Schmerz beitragen. Model: gpt-4o Use Curl?: ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.00 seconds** ================================================== ROUTING Query type: research ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 2.03 seconds** ================================================== PRIMER Primer: You are Simon, a highly intelligent personal assistant in a system called KIOS. You are a chatbot that can read knowledgebases through the "CONTEXT" that is included in the user's chat message. Your role is to act as an expert at reading the information provided by the user and giving the most relevant information. In your responses to enterprise users, prioritize clarity, trustworthiness, and appropriate formality. Be honest by admitting when a topic falls outside your scope of knowledge, and suggest alternative avenues for obtaining information when necessary. Make effective use of chat history to avoid redundancy and enhance response relevance, continuously adapting to integrate all necessary details in your interactions. Focus on precision and accuracy of your answers information. ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.23 seconds** ================================================== FINAL QUERY Final Query: CONTEXT: ########## File: somatosensory.pdf Page: 1 Context: # Anatomy of the Somatosensory System ## From Wikibooks¹ Our somatosensory system consists of sensors in the skin and sensors in our muscles, tendons, and joints. The receptors in the skin, the so-called cutaneous receptors, tell us about temperature (thermoreceptors), pressure, and surface texture (mechanoreceptors), and pain (nociceptors). The receptors in muscles and joints provide information about muscle length, muscle tension, and joint angles. ## Cutaneous Receptors Sensory information from Meissner corpuscles and rapidly adapting afferents leads to adjustment of grip force when objects are lifted. These afferents respond with a brief burst of action potentials when objects move a small distance during the early stages of lifting. In response to: ![Figure 1: Receptors in the human skin](image_link_here) **Figure 1**: Receptors in the human skin: Mechanoreceptors can be free receptors or encapsulated. Examples for free receptors are the hair receptors at the roots of hairs. Encapsulated receptors are the Pacinian corpuscles and the receptors in the glabrous (hairless) skin: Meissner corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, and Merkel's disks. ¹ The following description is based on lecture notes from Laszlo Zaborszky, from Rutgers University. #################### File: somatosensory.pdf Page: 2 Context: # Mammalian Muscle Spindle ![Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle](image_url) *Figure 2: Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (middle) and expanded schematic (right). The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply consisting of several intrafusal muscle fibres. The sensory endings of a primary (group Ia) afferent and a secondary (group II) afferent coil around the non-contractile central portions of the intrafusal fibres.* Rapidly adapting afferent activity, muscle force increases reflexively until the gripped object no longer moves. Such a rapid response to a tactile stimulus is a clear indication of the role played by somatosensory neurons in motor activity. The slowly adapting **Merkel’s receptors** are responsible for form and texture perception. As would be expected for receptors mediating form perception, Merkel’s receptors are present at high density in the digits and around the mouth (50/mm² of skin surface), at lower density in other glabrous surfaces, and at very low density in hairy skin. This innervations density shrinks progressively with the passage of time so that by the age of 50, the density in human digits is reduced to 10/mm². Unlike rapidly adapting axons, slowly adapting fibers respond not only to the initial indentation of skin, but also to sustained indentation up to several seconds in duration. Activation of the rapidly adapting **Pacinian corpuscles** gives a feeling of vibration, while the slowly adapting **Ruffini corpuscles** respond to the lateral movement or stretching of skin. ## Nociceptors Nociceptors have free nerve endings. Functionally, skin nociceptors are either high-threshold mechanoreceptors or low-threshold nociceptive neurons. Image Analysis: ### Image Analysis: #### 1. Localization and Attribution: - **Image 1**: The single image on the page located near the top, centered horizontally. #### 2. Object Detection and Classification: - **Image 1**: - **Objects Detected**: - **Muscle fibers** - **Neurons** - **Spinal cord** - **Nerve endings** - **Receptor types: Intra-fusal muscle fibers, Group la afferent, Group II afferent, γ's motorneurons, η's motorneurons** - **Key Features**: - Multiple colored lines connecting various parts indicating neural connections. - Labelled parts describing different muscle and neural structures. #### 3. Scene and Activity Analysis: - **Image 1**: - **Scene Description**: A detailed anatomical schematic showing the position of a mammalian muscle spindle in a muscle and associated neuronal connections. - **Activities**: The diagram illustrates the interaction between different neural components and the muscle fibers, showing the pathway of sensory and motor neuron connections. #### 4. Text Analysis: - **Text**: - **Figure Description** below the image reads: "Figure 2: Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (middle) and expanded schematic (right). The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply consisting of several intrafusal muscle fibres. The sensory endings of a primary (group Ia) afferent and a secondary (group II) afferent coil around the non-contractile central portions of the intrafusal fibres." - **Below the image text**: Descriptions of different types of receptors (Merkel's receptors, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, Nociceptors), discussing their functions in sensory perception. #### 7. Anomaly Detection: - **Image 1**: - No noticeable anomalies were detected. The image accurately represents a biologically complex system according to standard anatomical and physiological diagrams. #### 9. Color Analysis: - **Image 1**: - **Dominant Colors**: Black, green, red, and blue. - **Impact on Perception**: The color coding helps in differentiating between the various neural components and their functions, enhancing the understanding of the anatomical structure and connections. #### 13. Ablaufprozesse (Process Flows): - **Process Flows**: The diagram indicates the process flow of signals starting from sensor receptors (afferents) transmitting information to the spinal cord and then motor responses coming back to the muscle fibers. #### Contextual Significance: The image and accompanying description provide a comprehensive look into the anatomy and physiological function of mammalian muscle spindles. This contributes to an understanding of neuromuscular interactions and proprioception, playing a crucial role in studies related to human and animal physiology. #################### File: somatosensory.pdf Page: 3 Context: # Anatomy of the Somatosensory System ## Table 1 | Rapidly adapting | Slowly adapting | |-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------| | Surface receptor / small receptive field | Hair receptor, Meissner’s corpuscle: Detect an insect or a very fine vibration. Used for recognizing texture. | | Deep receptor / large receptive field | Pacinian corpuscle: "A diffuse vibration" e.g. tapping with a pencil. | | | Merkel’s receptor: Used for spatial details, e.g. a round surface edge or an "X" in brail. | | | Ruffini’s corpuscle: “A skin stretch”. Used for joint position in fingers. | Poly-modal receptors. Poly-modal receptors respond not only to intense mechanical stimuli, but also to heat and to noxious chemicals. These receptors respond to minute punctures of the epithelium, with a response magnitude that depends on the degree of tissue deformation. They also respond to temperatures in the range of 40–60°C, and change their response rates as a linear function of warming (in contrast with the saturating responses displayed by non-noxious thermoreceptors at high temperatures). Pain signals can be separated into individual components, corresponding to different types of nerve fibers used for transmitting these signals. The rapidly transmitting signal, which often has high spatial resolution, is called first pain or cutaneous pricking pain. It is well localized and easily tolerated. The much slower, highly affective component is called second pain or burning pain; it is poorly localized and poorly tolerated. The third or deep pain, arising from viscera, musculature and joints, is also poorly localized, can be chronic and is often associated with referred pain. ## Muscle Spindles Scattered throughout virtually every striated muscle in the body are long, thin, stretch receptors called muscle spindles. They are quite simple in principle, consisting of a few small muscle fibers with a capsule surrounding the middle third of the fibers. These fibers are called intrafusal fibers, in contrast to the ordinary extrafusal fibers. The ends of the intrafusal fibers are attached to extrafusal fibers, so whenever the muscle is stretched, the intrafusal fibers are also #################### File: somatosensory.pdf Page: 4 Context: # From Wikibooks ![Figure 3: Feedback loops for proprioceptive signals for the perception and control of limb movements. Arrows indicate excitatory connections; filled circles inhibitory connections.](image_link_placeholder) For more examples of how to use HTML and CSS for paper-based publishing, see [css4.pub](http://css4.pub). --- Muscle spindles are stretched. The central region of each intrafusal fiber has few myofilaments and is non-contractile, but it does have one or more sensory endings applied to it. When the muscle is stretched, the central part of the intrafusal fiber is stretched and each sensory ending fires impulses. Muscle spindles also receive a motor innervation. The large motor neurons that supply extrafusal muscle fibers are called **alpha motor neurons**, while the smaller ones supplying the contractile portions of intrafusal fibers are called **gamma neurons**. Gamma motor neurons can regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle so that this sensitivity can be maintained at any given muscle length. ## Joint Receptors The joint receptors are low-threshold mechanoreceptors and have been divided into four groups. They signal different characteristics of joint function (position, movements, direction, and speed of movements). The free receptors or type 4 joint receptors are nociceptors. ########## """QUERY: In dem Dokument werden die verschiedenen Arten von Rezeptoren in der Haut besprochen, die eine Rolle in unserem Tastsinn spielen. Bitte beschreiben Sie ausführlich die verschiedenen Arten von kutanen Rezeptoren, die erwähnt werden, einschließlich ihrer spezifischen Funktionen und der sensorischen Informationen, die sie übertragen. Stellen Sie sicher, dass Sie erklären, wie diese Rezeptoren zur Wahrnehmung von Druck, Temperatur, Textur und Schmerz beitragen.""" Consider the chat history for relevant information. Important: If you find information separated by a | in the context, it is a table formatted in Markdown.Important: Take a look at the QUERY and only the QUERY. If this is vague or unclear, please ignore everything and ask a follow-up question instead! Final Files Sources: somatosensory.pdf - Page 1, somatosensory.pdf - Page 2, somatosensory.pdf - Page 3, somatosensory.pdf - Page 4 ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 12.14 seconds** ================================================== FINAL ANSWER Answer: Das Dokument beschreibt verschiedene Arten von kutanen Rezeptoren, die eine Rolle in unserem Tastsinn spielen. Hier sind die wichtigsten Rezeptoren und ihre spezifischen Funktionen: ### 1. **Mechanorezeptoren** Mechanorezeptoren sind für die Wahrnehmung von Druck und Textur verantwortlich. Es gibt verschiedene Typen von Mechanorezeptoren: - **Meissner-Körperchen**: Diese Rezeptoren befinden sich in der unbehaarten Haut (glabrous skin) und sind schnell adaptierende Afferenten. Sie reagieren mit einem kurzen Aktionspotential, wenn Objekte während der frühen Phasen des Hebens eine kleine Strecke bewegen. Sie sind wichtig für die Anpassung der Griffkraft beim Anheben von Objekten und für die Erkennung von feinen Vibrationen und Texturen. - **Merkel-Zellen**: Diese langsam adaptierenden Rezeptoren sind für die Wahrnehmung von Form und Textur verantwortlich. Sie sind in hoher Dichte in den Fingern und um den Mund herum vorhanden und reagieren sowohl auf die initiale als auch auf die anhaltende Eindrückung der Haut. Sie sind besonders wichtig für die Erkennung von räumlichen Details, wie z.B. die Kanten einer runden Oberfläche oder das Lesen von Braille-Schrift. - **Pazinianische Körperchen**: Diese schnell adaptierenden Rezeptoren sind tief in der Haut gelegen und reagieren auf Vibrationen. Sie vermitteln das Gefühl von Vibrationen, wie z.B. das Klopfen mit einem Bleistift. - **Ruffini-Körperchen**: Diese langsam adaptierenden Rezeptoren reagieren auf die laterale Bewegung oder Dehnung der Haut. Sie sind wichtig für die Wahrnehmung der Gelenkposition, insbesondere in den Fingern. ### 2. **Thermorezeptoren** Thermorezeptoren sind für die Wahrnehmung von Temperatur verantwortlich. Sie sind in der Lage, Änderungen in der Hauttemperatur zu erkennen und zu melden. Es gibt zwei Haupttypen: - **Kaltrezeptoren**: Diese reagieren auf Abkühlung der Haut. - **Warmrezeptoren**: Diese reagieren auf Erwärmung der Haut. ### 3. **Nociceptoren** Nociceptoren sind für die Wahrnehmung von Schmerz verantwortlich. Sie haben freie Nervenendigungen und können in zwei Haupttypen unterteilt werden: - **Hochschwellen-Mechanorezeptoren**: Diese reagieren auf intensive mechanische Reize, die potenziell schädlich sind. - **Niedrigschwellen-Nociceptoren**: Diese reagieren auf schädliche chemische und thermische Reize. ### 4. **Poly-modale Rezeptoren** Diese Rezeptoren reagieren nicht nur auf mechanische Reize, sondern auch auf Hitze und schädliche Chemikalien. Sie sind in der Lage, auf kleine Verletzungen der Haut zu reagieren und ihre Antwortstärke hängt vom Grad der Gewebedeformation ab. Sie reagieren auch auf Temperaturen im Bereich von 40–60°C und ändern ihre Reaktionsrate als lineare Funktion der Erwärmung. ### Zusammenfassung der Funktionen: - **Druck**: Hauptsächlich durch Merkel-Zellen und Ruffini-Körperchen vermittelt. - **Temperatur**: Durch Thermorezeptoren (Kalt- und Warmrezeptoren) vermittelt. - **Textur**: Durch Meissner-Körperchen und Merkel-Zellen vermittelt. - **Schmerz**: Durch Nociceptoren und Poly-modale Rezeptoren vermittelt. Diese Rezeptoren arbeiten zusammen, um eine umfassende Wahrnehmung der Umwelt zu ermöglichen, indem sie verschiedene Arten von sensorischen Informationen an das Gehirn weiterleiten. ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.00 seconds** ==================================================