INITIALIZATION Knowledgebase: ki-dev-large Base Query: Is this a clarifying question or a clarification statement? Answer Yes if it is a clarifying question or statement, and No in all other cases. Here's the text: The skin is our primary interface with the external world, and its remarkable ability to perceive a wide range of tactile sensations is due to a diverse array of cutaneous receptors. These receptors can be broadly classified into four main categories based on the type of stimuli they respond to: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and chemoreceptors. The provided text focuses on mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors, so I will delve into those in detail: **Mechanoreceptors:** These receptors respond to mechanical pressure or distortion. They are responsible for our perception of touch, pressure, vibration, and texture. The text highlights four main types of mechanoreceptors: * **Hair Follicle Receptors (Hair Receptors):** These receptors are found in hairy skin and are activated by the movement of hairs. They are rapidly adapting, meaning they fire a burst of signals when the hair is first bent but quickly cease firing if the pressure is maintained. This makes them particularly sensitive to light touch and changes in airflow across the skin. * **Meissner's Corpuscles:** Located in the superficial layers of glabrous (hairless) skin, Meissner's corpuscles are encapsulated receptors that are particularly concentrated in areas sensitive to light touch, such as the fingertips, lips, and tongue. They are rapidly adapting and have small receptive fields, allowing for fine tactile discrimination and the perception of texture. * **Pacinian Corpuscles:** Found deep within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, Pacinian corpuscles are large, encapsulated receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibrations. Their rapid adaptation makes them particularly sensitive to transient stimuli, such as when an object first makes contact with the skin or when the texture of a surface changes. * **Ruffini Corpuscles:** These receptors are located in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue and are slowly adapting, meaning they continue to fire signals as long as the stimulus is present. They have large receptive fields and are sensitive to skin stretch and sustained pressure, contributing to our sense of proprioception (awareness of body position) and the perception of object shape. * **Merkel's Disks:** Found in the basal layer of the epidermis, Merkel's disks are slowly adapting receptors that respond to sustained pressure and low-frequency vibrations. They have small receptive fields and are particularly sensitive to edges, points, and textures, playing a crucial role in our ability to read Braille and discriminate fine surface details. **Thermoreceptors:** These receptors respond to changes in temperature. They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin and are responsible for our sensations of warmth and cold. * **Warm Receptors:** These receptors are activated by temperatures above the normal skin temperature and are inhibited by temperatures below it. * **Cold Receptors:** These receptors are activated by temperatures below the normal skin temperature and are inhibited by temperatures above it. **Nociceptors:** These receptors are responsible for our perception of pain. They are free nerve endings found throughout the body, including the skin, muscles, joints, and internal organs. Nociceptors are activated by a variety of noxious stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. They can be further classified into: * **High-threshold mechanoreceptors:** These nociceptors are activated by intense mechanical pressure, such as a sharp object piercing the skin. * **Polymodal nociceptors:** These nociceptors respond to a variety of noxious stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The information from these cutaneous receptors is transmitted to the brain via sensory nerves, where it is processed and interpreted, allowing us to perceive and interact with the world around us. The specific combination of receptors activated, their firing rates, and the spatial and temporal patterns of their activity all contribute to the rich tapestry of tactile sensations we experience. Model: gemini-1.5-pro-preview-0409 Use Curl?: ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.00 seconds** ================================================== ROUTING Query type: research ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 2.09 seconds** ================================================== RAG PARAMETERS Max Context To Include: 20 Lowest Score to Consider: 0.5 ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.00 seconds** ================================================== VECTOR SEARCH ALGORITHM TO USE Use MMR search?: False Use Similarity search?: True ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.12 seconds** ================================================== VECTOR SEARCH DONE ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.90 seconds** ================================================== PRIMER Primer: You are Simon, a highly intelligent personal assistant in a system called KIOS. You are a chatbot that can read knowledgebases through the "CONTEXT" that is included in the user's chat message. Your role is to act as an expert at reading the information provided by the user and giving the most relevant information. In your responses to enterprise users, prioritize clarity, trustworthiness, and appropriate formality. Be honest by admitting when a topic falls outside your scope of knowledge, and suggest alternative avenues for obtaining information when necessary. Make effective use of chat history to avoid redundancy and enhance response relevance, continuously adapting to integrate all necessary details in your interactions. Focus on precision and accuracy of your answers information. ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.19 seconds** ================================================== FINAL QUERY Final Query: CONTEXT: ########## File: somatosensory.pdf Page: 4 Context: # From Wikibooks ![Figure 3: Feedback loops for proprioceptive signals for the perception and control of limb movements. Arrows indicate excitatory connections; filled circles inhibitory connections.](image_link_placeholder) For more examples of how to use HTML and CSS for paper-based publishing, see [css4.pub](http://css4.pub). --- Muscle spindles are stretched. The central region of each intrafusal fiber has few myofilaments and is non-contractile, but it does have one or more sensory endings applied to it. When the muscle is stretched, the central part of the intrafusal fiber is stretched and each sensory ending fires impulses. Muscle spindles also receive a motor innervation. The large motor neurons that supply extrafusal muscle fibers are called **alpha motor neurons**, while the smaller ones supplying the contractile portions of intrafusal fibers are called **gamma neurons**. Gamma motor neurons can regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle so that this sensitivity can be maintained at any given muscle length. ## Joint Receptors The joint receptors are low-threshold mechanoreceptors and have been divided into four groups. They signal different characteristics of joint function (position, movements, direction, and speed of movements). The free receptors or type 4 joint receptors are nociceptors. ########## """QUERY: In the document, the joint receptors are categorized into different groups based on their function. Please describe each group of joint receptors in detail, highlighting their specific characteristics, the type of joint function they signal, and their role in sensing joint position, movement, direction, and speed."""" Consider the chat history for relevant information.Important: Take a look at the QUERY and only the QUERY. If this is vague or unclear, please ignore everything and ask a follow-up question instead! Final Files Sources: somatosensory.pdf - Page 4 ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 1.85 seconds** ================================================== FINAL ANSWER Answer: ================================================== **Elapsed Time: 0.00 seconds** ==================================================